Introduction to New England Colonial Architecture

When the British landed on the shores of the New World, they not only brought place names from England (e.g., Portsmouth, Salisbury, Manchester), but the colonists also carried the knowledge of building traditions and architectural styles. The religious separatists we call Pilgrims arrived in 1620, quickly followed by a group of Puritans in 1630, who settled in what became the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Using whatever materials they could find, the immigrants constructed timber-framed houses with steep roofs. Other settlers from Great Britain spread throughout Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, building rustic dwellings like the ones they had known in their homeland. They colonized land that became New England. The earliest dwellings were likely hastily-constructed sheds and cabins — the recreation of the Plymouth Colony shows us this. Then, shoring up against the cold New England winters, colonists built single-story Cape Cod houses with massive chimneys placed at the center. As families grew, some colonists built larger two-story homes, still to be seen in communities like  Strawbery Banke on the New Hampshire coast. Colonists expanded their living space and protected their property with sloping saltbox roof additions, named after the shape of boxes used to store salt. The Daggett Farmhouse, built in Connecticut around 1750, is a good example of the saltbox roof style. Wood was plentiful in the northeastern forests of the New World. The English people who colonized New England grew up with architecture from late medieval and Elizabethan England. The British colonists were not far removed from the reign of Queen Elizabeth I and medieval timber-framed houses, and they continued these building practices through the 1600s and well into the 1700s. The 1683 Parson Capen House in Topsfield, Massachusetts is a good example of Elizabethan architecture in New England. Since these simple homes were made of wood, many burned down. Only a few have survived intact, and fewer still have not been remodeled and expanded. New England Colonial Types Styles Architecture in Colonial New England went through many phases and can be known by various names. The style is sometimes called post-medieval, late medieval, or first period English. A New England Colonial home with a sloping, shed-like roof is often called a Saltbox Colonial. The term Garrison Colonial describes a New England Colonial home with a second story that juts out over the lower level. The historic 1720 Stanley-Whitman House in Farmington, Connecticut is described as a post-medieval style, because of its second-story overhang, but a later lean-to addition transformed the  Garrison Colonial into one with a saltbox-style roof. It did not take long for colonial styles of architecture to combine to form new designs. Modern Colonials Builders often imitate historic styles. You may have heard words like New England Colonial, Garrison Colonial, or Saltbox Colonial used to describe modern-day homes. Technically, a house built after the American Revolution — after communities were no longer colonies of England — is not colonial. More correctly, these homes of the 19th and 20th centuries are Colonial Revival or Neocolonial. Northern versus Southern Colonial Houses Early New England colonial houses were usually located mostly along the shores of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island. Remember that Vermont and Maine were not part of the 13 original colonies, although much of the architecture is similar, modified by French influences from the north. Northern colonial homes were wood framed construction, usually the plentiful white pine, with clapboard or shingle siding. Early homes were one story, but as more family arrived from Britain these starter homes became two-stories, often with steep roofs, narrow eaves, and side gables. A large, center fireplace and chimney would heat upstairs and downstairs. Some homes added the luxury of saltbox-shaped lean-to additions, used to keep wood and supplies dry. New England architecture was inspired by the beliefs of the inhabitants, and the Puritans tolerated little exterior ornamentation. The most decorative were the post-medieval styles, where the second story slightly protruded ove r the lower floor and the small casement windows would have diamond-shaped panes. This was the extent of decorative design. Beginning with the Jamestown Colony in 1607, New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies were established up and down the eastern coastline of what would become the United States. Settlers in southern regions such as Pennsylvania, Georgia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Virginia also constructed uncomplicated, rectangular homes. However, a Southern Colonial home is often made with brick. Clay was plentiful in many southern regions, which made brick a natural building material for southern colonial homes. Also, homes in the southern colonies often had two chimneys — one on each side — instead of a single massive chimney in the center. Tour New England Colonial Homesteads The New England Colonial home of Rebecca Nurse was built in the 17th century, making this giant red house a true Colonial. Rebecca, her husband, and her children moved here to  Danvers, Massachusetts around 1678. With two rooms on the first floor and two rooms on the second, a large chimney runs through the center of the main house. A kitchen lean-to addition with its own chimney was built in about 1720. Another addition was constructed in 1850. The Rebecca Nurse house has its original floors, walls, and beams. However, like most homes from this period, the house has been extensively restored. The lead restoration architect was Joseph Everett Chandler, who also oversaw the historic restorations at the Paul Revere House in Boston and the House of Seven Gables in Salem. Rebecca West is an interesting figure in American history for being a victim of the Salem Witch Trials—in 1692 she was accused, tried, and executed for practicing witchcraft. Like many historic homes throughout New England, the Rebecca Nurse Homestead is open to the public for tours. Many of New Englands finest colonial homes are open to the public. The Hoxie House in Sandwich, Massachusetts was built in 1675 and is said to be the oldest house still standing on Cape Cod. The Jethro Coffin House, built in 1686, is the oldest house on Nantucket.  The home of author Louisa May Alcott, Orchard House in Concord, Massachusetts, is a good example of farmhouses built between 1690 and 1720. The town of Salem, Massachusetts is a museum itself, with the House of Seven Gables (1668) and the Jonathan Corwin House (1642), also known as the Witch House, being two popular tourist attractions.  A Boston home built in 1680 and once owned by American patriot Paul Revere is a popular post-medieval style to view. Lastly, Plimoth Plantation is the Disney-equivalent of 17th century New England living, as the visitor can experience an entire village of the primitive huts that started it all. Once you get a taste of Colonial American house styles, youll know some of what has made Ame rica strong. COPYRIGHT: The articles you see on these pages are copyrighted. You may link to them, but do not copy them in a blog, web page, or print publication without permission. Sources Architecture of New England and the Southern Colonies by Valerie Ann Polino, http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/1978/4/78.04.03.x.html [accessed July 27, 2017]English Colonial Domestic Architecture of New England by Christine G. H. Franck, https://christinefranck.wordpress.com/2011/05/13/english-colonial-domestic-architecture-of-new-england/ [accessed July 27, 2017]Architectural Style Guide, Historic New England, https://www.historicnewengland.org/preservation/for-homeowners-communities/your-old-or-historic-home/architectural-style-guide/#first-period-post-medieval [accessed July 27, 2017]Virginia and Lee McAlester. A Field Guide to American Houses, 1984Lester Walker. American Shelter: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the American Home, 1998John Milnes Baker, AIA. American House Styles: A Concise Guide, Norton, 1994Architectural Style Guide, Boston Preservation Alliance, http://www.bostonpreservation.org/advocacy/architectural-style-guide.html [accessed July 27, 2017]

The Age Of Reason Or Known As The Enlightenment - 1189 Words

Before the Romantic Movement it was the Age of Reason or commonly known as the Enlightenment period. The Enlightenment was a period of scientific rationalization and scientific methods, it was an advanced way of observing the world. This time period rejected the idea’s of the church and celebrated the rational mind. Many of the enlightenment thinkers, â€Å" believed in rationalism and trusted human reason to solve the many problems of life and society, and emphasized reason, science, and respect for humanity (69 Apush ).† Enlightenment thinkers adopted the ideas of John Locke, who, emphasized on natural rights. However, in the early nineteenth century Romantic Movement began in art and literature. This movement focused on intuition and individualism. Romantics of this era did not believe in organized institution, such as, church. governmental bodies, and more importantly they rejected the idea science methods and rational approach to understanding life. Instead,  " Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal... (sparknote).† However, one theme was most common, individualism. Individualism is, â€Å" †¦ political and social philosophy that emphasizes the moral worth of the individual (Lukes).† Along with this, the Romantic movement came with a wave of romantic writers, such as, John Stuart Mill. Mill in particular identified with self-consciousness or individualism. His concept of individualism presented itself in his writings,Show MoreRelated Age of Reason Essay example1161 Words   |  5 Pages An Age of Reason â€Å"Those who can make you believe absurdities can make you commit atrocities.† This brief quotation was spoken by the famous writer and philosopher Voltaire; I believe it vaguely points out that some people are full of absurd ideas, and for others to follow such nonsense is foolish. The quote is just a taste of Voltaire’s wisdom and knowledge of the world, during the Age of Reason. The Age of Reason or The Enlightenment is defined as a change in not just a way of thinkingRead MoreKant : The Father Of Enlightenment1071 Words   |  5 PagesEssay 2 Kant: The Father of Enlightenment The 18th Century is referred to as the Age of Reason or Enlightenment as it was during this period that reason and individualism was advocated as a means of power. Science and reason were revolutionizing society by challenging the facts deeply rooted in tradition. This new rational way of thinking used logic to arrive at conclusions. Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, was one of the primary figures of this era that cultivated reason and whose works have revolutionizedRead MoreThe And Candide Essays : Practical Reason Triumphs Logic1382 Words   |  6 Pages1451518 Practical Reason triumphs Logic Throughout history Literature has always played a unique part in shaping society and symbolizing the beliefs of its people. King Louis XIV served after a time in which there was great conflict amongst Catholics and Huguenots. This conflict brought many uncharacteristic thoughts in to society. This religious conflict would lead to a new view of the world in the eyes of those who believed in the enlightenment. Moliere and Voltaire were both influential writersRead MoreKant s Views On The Enlightenment And Modernity923 Words   |  4 Pagesquestion are J.J. Rousseau and I. Kant. Both thinkers agreed that the Enlightenment would change society as they knew it, that it would allow the human being to develop, both individually and socially. I will consider both thinker’s attitudes as regards to the Enlightenment and Modernity, the individual, and finally to the individual’s responsibility in helping humanity progress towards a peaceful international community. The Enlightenment is the social and cultural period that brought about European ModernityRead MoreThe Enlightenment By Thomas Paine And John Locke1709 Words   |  7 PagesFinal Paper: The Enlightenment The eighteenth century embraced the beginning of an opinionated movement for new thinking about once unquestioned truths and actions. This movement, known as the enlightenment was more than a period of advanced ideas, as this unfamiliar way of thinking also lead to a change in the way that people began to operate within society. The ambition was lead by the attempt to break free from the past, overturning old ideas and moving forward. Enlightenment thinkers helpedRead MoreThe Age Of Enlightenment : The Interesting Life Of Olaudah Equiano1456 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the 18th century, many things were happening and the Europeans also were known as â€Å"Enlightenment thinkers and philosophers† thought by creating a movement called Age of Enlightenment, it would inflict rational change upon humanity. The Age of Enlightenment is described to be â€Å"set out by means of reason and direct observation to discover the fundamental laws governing nature, humanity, and society. Th e philosophes believed that such discoveries would free the world from tyranny, violence, andRead MoreThe Enlightenment1278 Words   |  6 PagesWorld The Enlightenment, Age of Reason, began in the late 17th and 18th century. This was a period in Europe and America when mankind was emerging from centuries of ignorance into a new age enlightened by reason, science, and respect for humanity. This period promoted scientific thought, skeptics, and intellectual interchange: dismissing superstition, intolerance, and for some, religion. Western Europe, Germany, France, and Great Britain, and the American Colonies generally influenced the age of reasonRead MoreOverview of The Enlightenment Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesThe Enlightenment was a period of history throughout the mid-decades of the seventeenth century and during the course of the eighteenth century, in which intense revolutions in science, philosophy, society and politics occurred. This part of history was important because it was an enormous departure from the Middle Ages. Seldom before and after this time, did the Church have as much power as it did during the Enlightenme nt. There were three main eras of the Enlightenment: The Early EnlightenmentRead MoreThe And Philosophical Movement Of Voltaire s Candide1641 Words   |  7 PagesSpreading rapidly in the 17th century, the Age of Reason changed the way people understood and interpreted their thoughts. The Enlightenment advocated for truth, to free the human mind from superstition and religious authoritarianism. People began to reflect on themselves rather than relying on the church. Voltaire was a writer and philosopher, who played an important role by incorporating themes of The Enlightenment into one of his famous novels, â€Å"Candide† to spread ideas. Themes including religionRead MoreThe Political, Economic and Social Aspects of the Enlightenment1109 Words   |  5 PagesEconomic and Social Aspects the Enlightenment The Enlightenment, also known as Age of Reason, was a cultural movement that spread through England, France, Germany, and other parts of Europe. The Enlightenment mainly focused on mathematics, science, art, philosophy, politics and literature in the 1700s. This movement took away the fear of the world and the medieval views that were placed upon the people for so many years, and it also opened their eyes to new ideas and reason. Old beliefs such as French

A product that is free of controversy Free Essays

The portable oxygen cylinders are filled with liquefied oxygen. Mostly used for medical purposes or in areas with scarce or no oxygen like under water or at high levels above the ground i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on A product that is free of controversy or any similar topic only for you Order Now aerospace. Medically, oxygen gas is used in the treatment of gas poisoning, pneumonia, used as an anesthetic when mixed with nitrous oxide or administered in deficiency of oxygen (Rees, Dudley, 2006). Liquefied oxygen is pale blue in color, and has a density of 1.141g/cm3. The liquid has a boiling point of -182.96oC and a freezing point of -222.65oC. Its raw material is oxygen which is obtained from natural air by a process know as fractional distillation.   At 20oC the liquid gas has an expansion rate of 860:1 (O’Leary, 2000). Fractional distillation is done in a factory with boilers this makes the laborers to work at very cold environments which are highly flammable. Natural air is made up of different gases which has different evaporation or freezing points. The natural air is first liquefied to be liquid air which has a mixture of liquid nitrogen and liquid oxygen with boiling points of (-196oC) and (-183oC) respectively. Liquid air is heated to -183oC which oxygen evaporate, it’s tapped and liquefied again now as Oxygen liquid which is then packed in high pressure cylinders for distribution. Most of the cylinders meet minimum requirements of weighing 5 pounds and under and usually last up to 5 hours or more (Portableoxygen, 2009). The cylinders administer oxygen in pulses through a device know as a conserver which delivers a pulse of oxygen when the user inhales. Ethical considerations of the product are; the liquefied gas is highly explosive and flammable hence it use for industrial purposes. Due to its properties of being highly flammable and explosive some people mix it with powdered charcoal to make explosives which are lethal. The product should be produced the way its being done but its distributions should be controlled and sold only to authorized dealers and users to minimize its use to prepare explosives. References O’Leary, D. (2000). Oxygen O2: Retrieved on Mar 22, 2009 from http://www.ucc.ie/academic/chem/dolchem/html/elem/elem008.html Portableoxygen, (2009). Portable Oxygen: Weights Durations: Retrieved on Mar 22, 2009 from http://www.portableoxygen.org/weightsand%20durations.html Rees, P Dudley, F. (2006). Provision of oxygen at home. British Medical Journal. 317(7163): 935–938. How to cite A product that is free of controversy, Papers

Both Stakeholder and Legitimacy Theory-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Write a report to the Corporate Reporting Manager about two of the more prevalent theories used for evaluating social and environmental (sustainability) accounting are organizationallegitimacyandstakeholder theory. 2.Why would companies have preferred to treat the leases as operating leases (if there is an operating lease then the assets and liabilities associated with leased asset are not shown on the statement of financial position) rather than finance leases (if the lease were a finance lease then the liabilities and assets associated with the lease would be shown on the statement of financial position)? 3.Explain why the change in the accounting standard for leasing might cause Organizations to breach covenants included within debt contracts. 4.Which Organizations would be more likely to lobby against the accounting standard? Answers: 1.Both stakeholder and legitimacy theory have been implemented in order to investigate corporate environmental and social disclosure practices in the developed countries. On one hand, the legitimacy theory primarily depends on the ideology of social contract wherein the organizations seek a positive interconnection with the society in order to make sure that resources are readily available to them. It can be regarded as a common assumption that the activities of an organization are proper, desirable, or effective within some socially established system of beliefs, values, definitions, and values. Furthermore, organizational legitimacy cannot be considered a steady state but instead it is a variable one. Besides, such variability is not temporary in nature but also spatial across cultural and stakeholder groups. Thus, relying on the perception of an organization of their level of legitimacy, an organization can adopt legitimation measures (Richardson Eberlein, 2012). Nevertheless, su ch organizational legitimacy can be enhanced by the utilization of symbolic measures communicating a public image that is aligned with the primary objectives of an organization. On the other hand, the stakeholder theory primarily implies that the organizations prime objective is to establish stakeholder value. The enhancement of the stakeholder value is the major concern of the organization. It is primarily engaged in finding the real stakeholders of the organization and the ways by which they interact and coordinate in order to leave an impact upon the organization (Richardson Eberlein, 2012). In short, it can be commented as a method that will drive the organization and seek betterment of the entire organization. Furthermore, organizations operate with the prior assistance of social contracts that make the stakeholders accessible and eligible to several rights and responsibilities. Besides, it must be taken into consideration that the organizations that are capable in designing a n efficient and adequate link with its stakeholders are more likely to succeed in the competitive market than the others must. Both the theories idealize an organization as a part of a wider social system wherein such organization influences, and is in turn affected by other groups prevailing within the society. While on one hand, the legitimacy theory explains about the anticipations of a society in general, the stakeholder theory on the other hand offers a wider resolution by referring to a specific group in a society (stakeholders). Therefore, the reliance is on a specific group and not the community at large that raise question on the validity of the theory. Moreover, the stakeholder theory accepts the ideology that because distinct groups of stakeholders will have varied perspectives about how an organization must conduct its affairs, there must be several social contracts that are negotiated with such varied groups of stakeholders instead of one single contract with the society in general. Besides, like the stakeholder theory, the legitimacy theory also takes into account the widespread and competing s takeholder groups. The only difference in this scenario is that the stakeholders implied within the legitimacy theory do not have direct links with an organization but are a relevant part of the larger society within which such organization operates (Kruger, 2015). Even though both theories are helpful to the society, yet they possess various deficiencies when it comes to social and environmental practices. The results based on legitimacy theory are often difficult to be quantified and be expressed in monetary terms. Hence, expressing the theory results is a tedious task and leads to complexity. In simple words, such theory generally relies upon indirect aspects. As a result, accounting for such affairs seeks to account for enhancement or prevalence of specific symptoms associated with the performance of particular activities undertaken to maximize the legitimacy of an organization. Such accounting also includes social and environment (sustainability) practices. Similarly, stakeholder theory has more of theoretical particularities that have not been utilized in the explanation of social and environmental accounting. In other words, stakeholder theory is simply inter-related, a multifaceted perspective that embodies the presumptions that are ack nowledged from the aspect of a political economy. This means that the foundation of the theory resides on various theoretical impact and not on a practical one leading to complexity. 2.Organizations often opt to lease long-term assets instead of buying them. Therefore, the decision to lease relies upon various factors like efficient financial terms, keeping assets off the balance sheet, etc. Operating lease offers various advantages that make it the first choice of companies. Firstly, the lesser can retain the ownership of property during and after the term of the lease. Secondly, operating lease minimizes administration for the end-user and allows them to hand the asset back at the end, whilst paying off one single monthly installment (Kwok et. al, 2005). Thirdly, since operating leases are treated as an expense, they remain off the balance sheet, thereby giving the right to lesser to terminate the lease even at shorter notice. 3.The revision of accounting standards can easily have an influence on computations of financial covenants in lending arrangements and other economic In debt contracts, operating leases are not considered as debt but during the revision of accounting standards, such operating leases may shift into the definition of debt. As a result, the amount of debt will be increased that will possess a ripple influence throughout the debt contract (Brown, 2011). Therefore, if revision in accounting standards may cause debt to be enhanced by a larger amount, organizations are more likely to breach covenants that are included in the debt contracts (Gordon et. al, 2012). 4.Organizations that have a potential management and can gain considerably from the potential tax reduction from the accounting method are most likely to lobby against the accounting standard. The management of such organization lobby for accounting method as it leads to higher level of income. Further, if the firms security prices are most likely to be influenced from the accounting numbers then they are most likely to lobby (Daske et. al, 2008). The current scenario of big firms clearly indicates that the accounting numbers are majorly responsible for the security prices and hence, management needs to take adequate consideration for the same (Georgiou, 2004). References Brown, P 2011, International Financial Reporting Standards: How real are the benefits? Accounting and Business Research, pp. 269-285. Daske, H, Hail, L. Leuz, C Verdi, R. S 2008, Mandatory IFRS reporting around the world: Early evidence on the economic consequences, Journal of Accounting Research, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 1085-1142. Georgiou, G. 2004, Corporate lobbying on accounting standard methods, timing and perceived effectiveness, Abacus, 40 (2), pp. 219237. Gordon, L. A, Loeb, M. P Zhu, W 2012, The impact of IFRS adoption on foreign direct investment, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, vol.31, no. 4, pp. 374-398. Kwok, W. C. C. and Sharp, D. 2005, Power and international accounting standard setting evidence from segment reporting and intangible asset projects, Accounting, Auditing and Accountability Journal, vol.18, no. 1, pp. 7499. Richardson, A. J. and Eberlein, B. 2011, Legitimating transnational standard-setting: the case of the International Accounting Standards Board, Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 217245. Kruger, P 2015, Corporate goodness and shareholder wealth, Journal of Financial economics, pp. 304-329

Women in the Bible free essay sample

A comparison of three women in the Bible Sarah, Rebecca and Hannah. This paper examines three women in the Old Testament. Sarah, Rebecca and Hannah. The writer discusses the significance that these women had in the Old Testament but also how they influence people today. The womens movement of the 1960s and 1970s changed the face of women forever. Before that the women in the world, including America, were considered second in command, or less than men inmost settings. When one studies the Old Testament however one will see that women were given a significant role in the bible. Three women from the Old Testament, Sarah, Rebekah and Hannah were important players in the unfolding of the faith. Each of them not only played significant roles in the bible, but they also taught the world principles to carry them even today.

20 Research Essay Topics Interesting Issues about the Profession of a Medical Assistant

20 Research Essay Topics Interesting Issues about the Profession of a Medical Assistant We are sure that you found our previous guide on 19 facts on the profession of a medical assistant for a research essay highly relevant and helpful as well as the next one dealing with how to properly research an essay on medical assistant. At this stage, your mind is probably full of interesting ideas for writing a research essay on the topic of medical assistant as a profession. In this second part of our guide you’ll find a plethora of topics which will ideally help you in choosing one for your essay. Here are 20 topics on the profession of a medical assistant for a research essay: The History of Medical Assistance in Medicine Career Growth/Advancement in Medical Assistance Why Medical Assistants Are Considered a Valuable Resource and Continually in Demand Why Medicine Students Prefer to Become Medical Assistants Why is Communications Training Important for Medical Assistants Why Are Medical Assistants Required to Learn Database Management as a Core Component of Study Why Are Medical Assistants Required to Have Office Management Training? Diversification in Medical Assistance Why Is it Easier For Medical Assistants to Go into Stable Careers Compared to other Field in Medicine? Why Should Medical Assistants Learn to Market Themselves? Why Is Medicine Termed a â€Å"Stressful Career Choice†? What Similar Occupations Can Medical Assistants Occupy in Order to Diversify Their Career Paths? Ethical Considerations for Medical Assistants Why Is Formal Training Not Necessary for Medical Assistants? What Is the Difference Between Patient Care and Medical Assistance? What Qualities Should a Medical Assistant Posses in Order to Excel in the Profession Why are Medical Assistants Not Licensed? What Sort of Formal Education Is Required or Preferred to Become a Medical Assistant? How is Technology Helping in Medical Assistance? Historical Trends in Medical Assistance These topics will surely help you nail that essay better, especially since your professor might be breathing down your neck as deadlines close in. Often students have all kinds of information at their fingertips but are unable to filter them properly, we are here to guide you every step of the way. You can choose from any one of the topics mentioned above, but what we really want you to do is have your own unique ideas while getting inspired by these topics. After all, our job is to help you think and organize your work better. Do write to us if you have any questions about a particular topic. So you’re armed with the research and have a few topics to fall back on. In the next part of the guide we’ll tell you how to put it all down in words to help you land in your professor’s good books. So head on over to the next part called how to do a research in an essay on medical assistant if you like. As promised, here is a sample essay: Sample Research Essay: Career Growth/Advancement in Medical Assistance It’s a well-known fact that almost all employers give preference to hiring graduates who have undergone formal training programs in medical assistance. These formal programs can be taken in post-secondary vocational schools, vocational-technical high schools, junior colleges and most universities. Courses under these formal programs train candidates in the field of medical terminology, physiology and anatomy. Other skills are also taught such as transcription, accounting, insurance processing, typing and record-keeping. Laboratory techniques are also taught to students such as pharmaceutical principles, diagnostic procedures, medication administration and first aid. Office practice, ethics, medical law and patient relationship is also deeply embedded in their curriculum. The practicum program is an accredited program which provides students practical experience in hospitals, healthcare facilities and physicians’ offices. If you’re looking for accredited medical assistance program, you should look into two agencies, namely the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP) and the Accrediting Bureau of Health Education Schools (ABHES). The former approved around 600 medical assistance programs in the year 2010 and similarly 400 were accredited by the latter. 19 programs in ophthalmic assistance were accredited by the Committee on Accreditation for Ophthalmic Medical Personnel. There are states which require that you take up an additional course or give a demonstration test before being allowed to practice, since there is no standardized license for medical assistance. Employers give preference to experienced workers and applicants who have the relevant certifications because they need to uphold a certain standard in their batch of medical assistants. The American Association of Medical Assistants gives award to the credentials of a Certified Medical Assistant. Similarly, registered medical assistants get accredited by the American Medical Technologists. Other awards associations which reward deserving and qualified medical assistants include the Joint Commission on Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology and American Society of Pediatric Medical Assistants. In order to succeed, a medical assistant must be able to deal with the public in a well-groomed and courteous manner. It is the job of medical assistant to make patients feel safe while explaining all instructions in detail related to the physician practice.   It is their responsibility to put the patient’s mind at ease. In order to succeed as a medical assistant and help their institution grow, they need to have a command over visual tasks and manual dexterity. They also need to understand the importance of protecting medical information of a patient due to its sensitive nature; a sharp and alert medical assistant may save the medical institution thousands of dollars in lawsuit payouts because they’ll never let it come to that. If you are looking to have a career as a medical assistant, you’ll be glad to hear that through hard work, you can advance to an office management position and beyond. A medical assistant can also actively perform duties of an administrative support officer or give medical assisting lessons as a teacher. If you are able to further your education in medical science, you are eligible for other health and medicine occupations like medical technology or nursing. References: Brassington, C., Goretti, C. (2011). MA Notes: Medical Assistants Pocket Guide. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Young-Adams, A. P., Proctor, D. B., Kinn, M. E. (2011). Kinns The medical assistant: An applied learning approach. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier, Saunders. Bonewit-West, K., Hunt, S. A., Applegate, E. J. (n.d.). Todays Medical Assistant: Clinical Administrative Procedures. Booth, K. A., Whicker, L., Wyman, T. D. (2014). Medical assisting: Administrative and clinical procedures including anatomy and physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill. Medical Assistant Job Description. (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2016, from snagajob.com/job-descriptions/medical-assistant/ What Does a Medical Assistant Do? (n.d.). Retrieved July 19, 2016, from rasmussen.edu/degrees/health-sciences/blog/what-does-a-medical-assistant-do/ Linton, C. B. (2002). Medical abbreviations and acronyms. Boca Raton: BarCahrts.

Motorcycle Clubs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Motorcycle Clubs - Essay Example Although original motorcycle clubs were formed as more of a hobby, current clubs are run like a business. The majority of motorcycle clubs have a president, vice president, treasurer, secretary, sergeant-at-arms and road captain.i The club starts with a mother group and various chapters are established later. It is also run like a business in that members pay dues. Outlaw clubs, especially, are run as a business. Illegal business, but business all the same: "Federal law enforcement agencies, including the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF), say that outlaw bikers, with over 300 clubs, 5,000 members, and at least 10,000 regular hangers-on, are one of the nation's largest organized criminal networks, after the Mafia and Asian gangs. They are also a business. The feds believe the Hells Angels and the other large outlaw gangs earn up to $1 billion a year worldwide from drug dealing, prostitution, gunrunning, theft, extortion, and murder."ii The person who joins a motorcycle club is looking for a variety of things. Some want more experience riding with a group and the confidence that comes from experience. Others want the camaraderie that comes with belonging to a group. Also, there is safety in numbers and a new rider may feel more secure riding with a large group. Other people join because they want to learn from others: safety tips, techniques, the best routes. Dulaney explains why he joined a motorcycle club: "For me, one of the best unexpected perks of joining a motorcycle club has been and remains the joy of riding with likeminded souls: members of a motorcycle club have at least one thing in common: their love of riding. Everything else, age, gender, race, looks, economic background, etc. disappear under the leathers. You can relax, laugh, talk or simply observe, it's up to you . . . it's your opportunity to be free and to unleash that part of yourself which has been hiding all these years . . .iii So who joins a club depends on their reasons for joining. Men are traditionally known to purchase motorcycles as part of a mid-life crisis. A club may provide a group atmosphere for regaining some of their youth. For some, the reason to join is two-fold: Motorcycle enthusiasts take great pride in their bikes. So many join for the opportunity to show off their bikes while helping a charity at the same time. Origination There are three critical eras involved in the origination of motorcycle clubs. Dulaney explains these as: the pre-formative period between 1901-1944, known as the genesis of social organization around motorcycling; the formative period between 1945-1957, where social and historical events of the post-World War II era coalesced in the formation of outlaw motorcycle clubs; and the trans-formative period from 1958 to present.iv Motorcycle clubs emerged shortly after the origin of motorcycles. The clubs formed to bring together riders for camaraderie and other events. The McCook Outlaws were one of the first long-lasting clubs. The name transformed through the years to the Chicago Outlaws and then the Outlaws Motorcycle Club. Long-distance touring and racing are attributes accredited to

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 21

Economics - Essay Example Cones home began to slide, and stated that he would resort to simply killing any of the woodpecker that he saw without informing others, so that he may use his land as he pleases; Cones disregard for the Act made it pointless. To protect endangered species, the government would have to front a massive amount of money if they wish to see success in their plans. The cost of the plan, though, would depend on each endangered species; the species would be funded for individually, not as an entire group of all endangered animals (Keim, 2009). The benefit of the government interfering would be that these species would have a chance to breed and strive, rising above the status of an endangered species. The government would have rules and regulations set down to force people to be aware of their natural surroundings and the environment, in hopes of saving these species. By not protecting an endangered species, the government does not lose money to a cause that may or may not work. Small, individual groups and organizations will have to depend on themselves if they want to see something done. The benefits of the government not helping are that others would not feel forced into helping a cause that they do not care about and that their money is going to something that they themselves can personally benefit from. The downside to the government interfering is that homeowners begin to lose their say in how they keep and tend to their property. These people may not feel the same way about saving a species as someone else might, yet they would be required to adhere to any rules and regulations that are set down for the purpose of protecting these animals. There can also still be instances when the homeowners disregard the regulations, feeling that it is not the governments business to tell them how to tend to their yard, as Cone shows. In fact, as Cone did by threatening to just kill off the woodpecker, people can just cause more harm to the species, even if the government

The Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act of 1966 Research Paper

The Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act of 1966 - Research Paper Example However, history shows that these drugs were once deemed to have social value. The Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act was established in 1966 in order to rehabilitate the drug addicts in three programs namely pretrial civil commitment, a death sentence to those convicted and voluntary (Musto, 1999). It was enacted when social construction of a drug had begun to shift from favorable to unfavorable; people utilized the pronounced the drug’s problematic physiological and psychological effects in order to control its use. Even though these concerns were beneficial, they are not the only reasons the controlled drugs are categorized within jurisdiction of the criminal justice system. Several factors including health concerns, economic, and political factors are still unknown by the public. Drugs were first utilized in the United States in the 1800. The first drug to be used was opium, which was very popular after the civil war. Cocaine was introduced in the 1880 and was used in health drinks by the Coca-Cola Company. Although, it was not a significant concern at the time with the dependency to cocaine, doctors grew a concern about the psychological effects including hallucination, depression, and psychoses. In 1906, morphine was discovered which was used for medicinal purposes prescribed by health practitioners as a pain reliever, while heroin was used to treat respiratory illness. Over the years, there has been increased awareness that these drugs have high potential for causing addiction. At the end of the 19th century, abuse of drugs such as opium and cocaine reached epidemic proportion, and the government began prohibiting their importation. The physicians were also required to label their medicines because they were no longer seen as harmless remedies for pains. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics was formed in 1930 by the Treasury Department headed by Harry Anslinger until 1962 (McWilliams, 1990). Under his tenure, the

Learning Assessment Of Mentor Meetings Personal Development Essay

Learning Assessment Of Mentor Meetings Personal Development Essay 1. What did you learn from the meetings with your project mentor, including the presentation that you gave to your project mentor? First of all, I was aware that three meetings with my project mentor are very important to accomplish the whole project successfully.  Before meeting with my mentor, I  read all the topics and try to choose the topic which is relevant to my previous study. Once the topic has been chosen, I  planned and scheduled the time and place to meet with my mentor as well as organised the  data to use in our first meeting. 1.1 Meeting 1 Before the first meeting, I thoroughly research about the company I chose for my project on the internet to ensure that the sources for this company are available. After that, I prepared all the necessary documents, which contain the chosen topic, aims and objectives, ratios and methods of information gathering of my project. Then I called the mentor to take an appointment and sent the documents I prepared. During the first meeting, as a first step, we discussed about the documents which I sent to her, and she suggested me to keep a diary to make our discussion up to date. She also pointed out my weakness and explained me how to use business models in which situation. She also advised me to read about information gathering techniques and data collecting methods as I intended to rely on the internet so much to collect data. She recommended me to visit City business library to gather information efficiently. From the first meeting, I had learnt that I have some weakness in using business models and information gathering methods. I realised that I should use secondary data rather than primary data as they would be very difficult to find and take a lot of time. I also realised that I should not rely on the internet too much as it is hard to tell that the information on the websites is reliable or not, so I decided to visit the library frequently. After the first meeting, as my mentor mentioned, I visited to the City Business Library and downloaded the business and financial information from Datamonitor, for both Google Inc. and Yahoo Inc. Then I read through the reports of both companies. I also read ACCA text books and other relevant books to enhance my knowledge. With the use of Microsoft Excel, I drew financial ratios for three years for both companies and managed to finish Income statement and Financial Position and SWOT and Porters five forces, draft analysis of my project. During research, I noted which area I needed to improve and what question should I ask to my mentor. So I realised that how self- evaluation is very useful and effective in doing research. 1.2 Meeting 2 Prior to second meeting, I emailed my RAP to my mentor and organised documents for the meeting. At second meeting, we discussed about my draft analysis and my mentor pointed out some problems on my analysis. She also explained the importance of improving the critical analysis skill. This time, my mentor was quite pleased about the improvement of my information gathering skill. However, my mentor was critical on my referencing and citations as I had the lack of references in some parts of my project. Then, I asked her what I have to prepare for next meeting. After the second meeting, I had learned that I still needed to improve in accurate referencing and had some weakness in research skill. As my mentor had explained me the importance of critical analysis skill, I tried to read books relevant to analysing skill to improve in this area. On the other hand, I found it difficult to manage the time as I was studying for ACCA exams as well. So I was worried that I could not finish on time. 1.3 Meeting 3 I realised that third meeting was very important for me as this would be the last meeting for us. So, I edited some parts of my research which my mentor mentioned, and I had made sure to finish every section of the project by checking from the beginning to the conclusion, as well as the correct referencing. After that I started to prepare sides for the presentation with Microsoft Powerpoint and read some books to improve my presentation. Before the meeting, I sent my project and presentation slides to my mentor, and also I kept a copy of presentation slides at home to practice as my mentor suggested. Although I prepared carefully for my presentation, I was quite nervous when doing the presentation. I had experienced that good presentation skill is very crucial for my future career. And I also learned that taking feedbacks from others is also important to finish a project smoothly. 2. How well do you think that you have answered your research questions? Although I was satisfied with my whole project, I was not pleased with the depth of the answers to the research questions since I had decided to use secondary data rather than primary data due to the time and fund limitations. If I had been able to collect primary data,I would have been able to research more insightfully and acquire more balanced perspective by using both primary and secondary data. As the companys Annual report was my primary data, I had tried to approach financial position based on information presented in financial statements. Despite the limitations to gather company information, I had managed to collect all the information I needed for my financial analysis by reading news, books and using internet. For non-financial analysis, I would have been able to answer the research questions in more depth if I had to access primary data such as internal audit reports. However, I had managed to analysis the non-financial performance of the company by using secondary sources. To meet the criteria of the project, I was aware that I must answer all the research questions carefully. Answering my research question also reflected the knowledge of the work I had prepared and developed the skills to complete my project. Moreover, I had gained questioning skills during undertaking project. To write a meaningful and reasonable report, I had always tried to use reliable sources to avoid unfair judgments. Choosing Google for my RAP also offered a lot of sources to collect information. I believed that I had done productive ratio calculations to understand the situation of Google Inc comparing to Yahoo Inc. I also concentrated when analysing financial and non-financial data to ensure that they meet the purposes of RAP. After finishing my project, I was able to learn more about the organisation than before. Moreover, I believe that the topic I chose was right for me as I could apply my academic knowledge to the project and help me increase my skills and experiences. 3. How have you demonstrated your interpersonal skills and communication skill during the project work? Communication skills play vital role in our daily life, as how we interact with others can greatly affect our professional and personal lives. Hence when meeting with my mentor, I concentrated on what we were discussing and carefully listened to my mentors feedbacks and suggestions. Before each meeting, I always wrote down the questions I wanted to ask my mentor. So I was able to save a lot of time when meeting with my mentor. Also I tried to visit websites and reading books to improve my communication skills during undertaking project. When I speak to my mentor, I always tried to speak clearly and precisely and my mentor had no difficulties in understanding me. Therefore, I believe that I could communicate with my mentor effectively. Effective communication skills include active listening, praise and encouragement, paraphrasing, questioning, reflecting, and non-verbal communication.(Central TB Division, n.d). Listening skill is also essential when communicate with others. During the first meeting, sometimes, I lost my concentrating when listening to my mentor. Therefore, I had to ask my mentor to repeat what she just said and thus wasted our time. So I realised that I need to pay more attention when my mentor speaking and tried to improve listening skill by reading articles about effective listening skill. By listening to my mentor carefully and followed her useful suggestions precisely helped me gain the confidence and guided me to complete the project in time without difficulties. After all, these communication skills gained during the project period will help me in studies as well as in my future career. 4. How has undertaking the Research and Analysis Project helped you in your accountancy studies and/or current employment role? Undertaking the Research and Analysis Project (RAP) helped me improve my accounting knowledge by applying ACCA accounting concepts into real life project and enhance my interpersonal skills as well as project management skills which are essential to have as an account. First of all, I have noticed the difference between applying financial theory at exams and applying theory onto research project. For practices and exams, I have to use financial ratios to evaluate the case scenarios. However, time is limited so that I just use the significant ratios which come to my mind and which seem to be appropriate based on my study practices. In order to evaluate the financial performance of Google Inc., I need to think carefully what ratios are suitable and for what reasons I have to apply those. By doing so, my understanding on accounting ratios increases and my thinking becomes more practical. Thus, for future accountancy studies, I believe that I can justify the exam scenarios more reasonably by analysing different perspectives. Project management skill is one of the critical success factors for RAP. Without this, I will not be able to complete my project. If I did not undertake this project, I would not see how important the project management skill is. I have learnt how to plan my work and manage time to finish each workload on time through lesson learnt and with help of my mentor. Increased in planning and time management skills would help not only to my study but also to my work. All my work performance has been significantly increased through planning in advance. Another skill I have gained from carrying out this project is communication skill. As a volunteer accountant, I have to deal with my supervisor and colleague two days a week. I feel that my communication skill has been improved and I am now able to discuss the topics and debate all possible solutions with confidence at the meetings. Moreover, utilising presentation idea, I can illustrate things better and persuade them to accept my idea. Eventually I have learnt how to develop a formal report efficiently and effectively using Microsoft Office Word and Excel. Reporting and accountant cannot be separable as an accountant is a key person to interpret all financial data into manageable information via management reports. This project highlights my weakness in reporting skills and gives me a chance to improve those areas. Thus, I would be able to write a good report for my future ACCA exams and all the way through to my career. Writing a report also boost the research and analytical skills. In conclusion, I have achieved a variety of skills by performing this research and analysis project such as project management skill, communication skill and reporting skill. Those skills are useful for both academic and working life. In addition, I have clear understanding on the financial techniques of how to analyse the position of individual organisations. Reference and Bibliography Central TB Division, (n.d). Improving Interpersonal Communication Skills in RNTCP Training[Online]. Retrieved from: [Accessed 19 April 2010]

Essay --

Over the past century and a half, the spur of Bigfoots existence has questioned many researchers and non-believers alike. Extensive research and findings have sparked many to seek out if there is another creature amongst our woods. Bigfoots existence is limited to substantial evidence such as sightings, footprints, and somatogenic traces. Ben Radford the author of â€Å"Bigfoot at 50 Evaluating a Half-Century of Bigfoot Evidence† explains effectively of the possible existence through extensive evidence and theories whether the beast actually resides among us. The theory of there being an ape like beast that walks through our wilderness all started with a 16mm film in Bluff Creek, California by Roger Patterson and Bob Gimlin in 1967. The video displayed a tall, hairy human like figure trolling along a timber clearing walking briskly away from Patterson and Gimlin. The film ignited a craze amongst scientist and viewers to go on a conquest to prove Bigfoots existence. The 1967 film was never proven to be a hoax or real evidence and still today is a toss up. Personal sightings or eyewitness accounts make up what seems to be the most numerous amounts of evidence that’s been brought to attention. Sightings are not justifiable to whether â€Å" Squatch† is real no matter how many sightings are reported. The Pennsylvania Bigfoot Society stores archives of Bigfoot reports across Pennsylvania for almost the past century. Locally, in Erie County, there has suspected to be several eyewitness accounts of Bigfoot encounters. People often confuse a Sasquatch with a bear or some other unknown animal that they may seem to not make out clearly. â€Å" Eyewitness testimony is notoriously unreliable†(Radford 2002). Sure some people would not believe a person ... ... tested hairs and other parts for DNA and concluded that they fit into our family tree. â€Å" Those hair samples that could not be identified as known animal or human were subsequently screened using DNA testing, beginning with sequencing of mitochondrial DNA followed by sequencing nuclear DNA to determine where these individuals fit in the tree of life† (Ketchum 2013). The existence of Bigfoot isn’t quite certain to be real with the numerous accounts of acclaimed sighting and physical evidence that has been laid on the table for researchers to decipher. From my standpoint, Bigfoot is a cryptozoological creature that has yet to be explained that I’m not for certain about. Radford explained the facts whether the existence of Bigfoot is real or just a hoax. It’s just a matter of time when and where this mythological being will proven to be a new life form amongst us.

Medieval and Renaissance

Lewis, after having been granted Chair of the Medieval and Renaissance Literature at Cambridge University in 1954, presents his first lecture to shed light on this new responsibility by drawing on a latent misnomer that could perhaps be created by the title of his present position, particularly by placing the terms â€Å"Medieval† and â€Å"Renaissance† side by side to connote a concurrence in meaning, which according to him, â€Å"†¦by this formula the University was giving official sanction to a change which has been coming over historical opinion within my own lifetime.Referring to the remarkable yet discreet elimination of the traditional divides between these terms as human’s understanding of these epochs broadens. Such usage of the terms likewise indicates how the perceived invisible divides marking out the disparities between these terms have been overstated (par 3). To this Lewis provides an alternative view saying that, â€Å"The actual temporal p rocess†¦has no divisions, except perhaps those â€Å"blessed barriers between day and day†, our sleeps.Change is never complete, and change never ceases† (Ibid). Nonetheless, placing everything that happens in a lifetime cannot be put in a single continuum otherwise it will create a chasm filled with categorically definable events yet in such circumstance may not be totally identifiable. Hence creating recognizable divisions such as periods for events is inevitable. He then moved on to consider the different periods that have marked the transitions from the Medieval to the Renaissance, namely: 1) between Antiquity and the Dark Ages or the fall of the Empire (par. 5); 2) between the Dark and the Middle Ages (par. 10); 3) towards the end of the seventeenth century (par. 11).For each perceivable period, he identified significant events such that between the Age of Antiquity and the Dark Ages, particularly in the literary genre, he recounts, the inevitable effect of â €Å"the barbarian invasions, the christening of Europe† (par 5), while referring to the observations of Gibbon, most probably that of Edward Gibbon, an â€Å"English historian and scholar, the supreme historian of the Enlightenment, who is best-known as the author of the monumental THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE,† (Liukkonen, 2008) who believes that â€Å"the material decay of Rome was the effect and symbol of moral decadence† (Ibid). Lewis then suggests that such episodes where imperative that people in earlier days who were able to adapt to the circumstances where no different than the people now and the changes that have happened them would have the same effect to us—â€Å"Nothing new had come into the world† (par. 7).Likewise everything that happens then occurs for a reason and each event is irreversible as it is if it would happen now. As to the episodes between the Dark and the Middle Ages, which Lewis regards as â€Å"a period of retrogression: worse houses, worse drains, fewer baths, worse roads, less security† (par. 10), nonetheless, it is during this period that the world reached â€Å"a period of widespread and brilliant improvement† (Ibid) (i. e. recovery of Aristotle’s text and its consequent integration by Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas; discovery of alternative solutions to technical problems in Architecture; introduction of rhymed and syllabic verse in place of the old alliterative and assonantal metres which has characterized European poetry for centuries [Ibid]).Finally, concerning the third boundary within the epochs towards the end of the 17th century, Lewis, as in his explanations on the exigencies in the previous epochs, maintains that such events or changes are prerequisites to impending developments. Thus he concludes: When Watt makes his engine, when Darwin starts monkeying with the ancestry of Man, and Freud with his soul, and the economists with all that is his, th en indeed the lion will have got out of its cage. Its liberated presence in our midst will become one of the most important factors in everyone's daily life (par. 11). One should then perceive circumstances as a priori to succeeding events. Lewis did not stop with this structure though.He moved on to create a structure that will eventually define the organization of the succeeding epochs, after the Renaissance. To this division, however, Lewis clarifies: â€Å"The dating of such things must of course be rather hazy and indefinite. No one could point to a year or a decade in which the change indisputably began, and it has probably not yet reached its peak† (par 12). He then starts drawing the lines between these periods starting off from Scott (par. 13), most probably Sir Walter Scott, â€Å"a Scottish writer and poet and considered one of the greatest historical novelists, who lived between 1771 and1832† (â€Å"Sir Walter Scott,† n. d. ). Lewis then presents his view on these timelines taking a stance in relation to the political order circumstances.Thus, â€Å"For of a ruler one asks justice, incorruption, diligence, perhaps clemency; of a leader, dash, initiative, and (I suppose) what people call â€Å"magnetism† or â€Å"personality† (par. 13). Next, he considers the arts as a factor affecting the timelines. At this point he presents his argument concerning the arts, saying: â€Å"I do not think that any previous age produced work which was, in its own time, as shatteringly and bewilderingly new as that of the Cubists, the Dadaists, the Surrealists, and Picasso has been in ours† (par. 15), implying the intrinsic worth he attributes to the arts then and now. Thus, â€Å"To say that all new poetry was once as difficult as ours is false; to say that any was is an equivocation† (Ibid).He then proceeds to consider the developments in the timelines placing circumstances in line with the religious aspects of develo pments where, according to Lewis, there was a time when there was a traditional pre-conceived notion that individuals have the tendency to â€Å"relaps[e] into Paganism† (par. 16) or â€Å"that the historical process allows mere reversal (Ibid), to which he maintains the idea that circumstances as a priori to succeeding events as irreversible. This he clarifies: It is not what happens. A post-Christian man is not a Pagan; you might as well think that a married woman recovers her virginity by divorce. The post-Christian is cut off from the Christian past and therefore doubly from the Pagan past (par. 16).In paragraph 17, Lewis finally transitions his structuring of the timelines with the creation of the machines, which he considers â€Å"parallel to the great changes by which we divide epochs of pre-history† and where â€Å"the latest in advertisements always means best. † It is during this period that man regards â€Å"milestones in life as technological advan ces†: everything that happens is either directly or indirectly affected by technology. Such factor, according to Lewis, starkly differentiates us from the people in the other timelines and concludes â€Å"that it really is the greatest change in the history of Western Man† (par. 18). In the end, he points back to his earlier claim that there really is a great divide between â€Å"Medieval† and â€Å"Renaissance.† Nonetheless, somewhere in that divide lies some defining distinctiveness that unify these terms which are â€Å"certainly important and perhaps more important than its interior diversities† (par. 19). To end the arguments created or most likely to be created in the presentation of the boundaries or frontier, as Lewis labels them to be, he clarified that he will be using â€Å"Old† (Ibid) culture instead. He concludes with an emphasis on the significance of having a deeper understanding of the past for with it one is released from its shackles (par. 21) and a claim that even though there is a great distance that separates men from different epochs or timeless, they can still have a common ground. Thus, Lewis, being a native of the time, is in authority when he said:It is my settled conviction that in order to read Old Western literature aright you must suspend most of the responses and unlearn most of the habits you have acquired in reading modem literature (par. 22). References: Lewis, C. S. â€Å"De Descriptione Temporum† Inaugural Lecture from The Chair of Mediaeval and Renaissance Literature at Cambridge University, 1954. Retrieved April 28, 2009 from http://www. eng. uc. edu/~dwschae/temporum. html Liukkonen, Petri. (2008). â€Å"Edward Gibbon (1737-1794). † Retrieved April 30, 2009 from http://www. kirjasto. sci. fi/egibbon. htm â€Å"Sir Walter Scott. † (n. d. ). Retrieved April 30, 2009 from http://www. online- literature. com/walter_scott/

Germany South Korea Cultural Environment Essay Example

Germany South Korea Cultural Environment Essay Example Germany South Korea Cultural Environment Essay Germany South Korea Cultural Environment Essay International Business Government Negotiations with South Korea Germany Instructor Joe Kanelo Alejandro Garza February 8 2013 Introduction Globalization has become a permanent factor in how business takes place in modern times. Cultural differences now affect not only tourists, but also entrepreneurs and academics facing challenges in working internationally. Business negotiations vary depending on a multitude of elements, however in this particular essay I will approach the matter from the perspective of location where they shall take place. For the purpose of investigation, the subjects analyzed are Germany and South Korea apropos creating a good business environment. The aspects under consideration will mostly be cultural, based off of Hofstede’s 5-D dimensions model and other sources. Other cultural elements to consider are punctuality, appreciation of rules, time planning, personality, and communication. Contents International members of business organizations now face the challenge of undermining negotiations abroad. They have to work in close contact in various locations in which culture may be an elusive concept to them as they intrepidly tread new ground. These people have to find ways in which to interact and communicate with people from other countries different from their own. Germany is an important country in international business. Germans have their own onset of behaviors and motivations, which are most fascinating to study. In order to comprehensibly study the German business culture and how to set a proper business environment with them, one must analyze from the point of view of the most deeply rooted German characteristics. If one were to acquire intercultural competence with egards to Germany, a more pleasant working relationship with this fascinating country can be possessed. It is important to note that each individual will respond a certain way to circumstances presented when dealing with this country, however a good understanding of generalized observations and statements regarding Germany can be fruitful in establishing a competent relationship. Because different individuals need to interact, problems may arise when a cting in what is deemed â€Å"normal behavior† in ones own country. : This behavior can lead to irritability and alienation in certain parties due to a lack of understanding of the opposites culture. It is vital to reach a compatibility with the person to avoid misunderstanding and ill wrought feelings. If these people were to continue working in this fashion, an increasingly difficult and conflict ridden situation may arise. (Schroll-Mall, 2008) One of the first considerations to make when dealing business with a country such is Germany is the native tongue or language that is utilized. In Germany, the official language is German (at risk of sounding redundant). Once this has been assimilated, certain etiquette or meeting protocol must be established. Greetings are quite formal in this country, in which a firm handshake can be a form of traditional greeting. It must be dully noted that a handshake should suffice for all people in a living space, including small people and children. It is commonplace to utilize the title of the person when they are being addressed i. e. utilizing â€Å"herr† or â€Å"frau† after the title and one’s first name. Punctuality is of utter most importance when dealing business of this country. It is even expected to arrive on time on house visits. If expecting a delay to an appointment, it is required to telephone beforehand and indicate the difficulty of arriving in timely fashion. A business relationship with a German executive or company could be fouled profusely if a meeting is canceled at the last minute. Punctuality indicates planning and respect, something the Germans uphold. Germans are even pondered as planners; their culture upholds careful planning and thinking which can be followed accordingly. In this same manner, they have a great respect for rules and regulations. Following an established protocol is vital to properly build and maintain negotiations with people of this country. It is important to stress that Germans do not value personal relationships to take part in business transactions. The only interest that they may partake are in academic titles and credentials, to gather a notion of level and how relative it is to their own. This being said, formality is expected when in negotiations and it is preferable to enter directly into the subject matter at hand and not delve too deeply into matters of small talk. Before closing a deal, a German executive or businessman will try to comprehend every minute detail and innuendo before closing an agreement. According to Geerte Hofstede’s exploration of Germany through his 5-D model, Germany can be analyzed from various dimensions or perspectives: Power Distance, Individualism, Masculinity/Femeninity, Uncertainty avoidance and Long term orientation. This country is among the lower power distant countries, as a direct and participative communication meeting style is commonplace, where leadership is challenged to show expertise and knowledge. In terms of individualism, Germany ranks high upon the ratings. There is a strong belief in the ideal of self-actualization. (Hofstede, 2012) Germany is a highly masculine country, as certain elements such as status, decisiveness and assertiveness and performance. In terms of uncertainty avoidance, the country is strong among this factor as there is a preference in deductive thinking. One can assimilate this from the law system and previous schools of thought by the likes of Immanuel Kant. This, in combination with low power distance provokes a high backbone in expertise. In the last dimension presented by Hofstede, Germany is a short term orientation culture: they have high appraisal for tradition, strong social pressure and a small propensity towards acquiring savings. Which brings me to the next subject at hand: South Korea. It is imperative to safeguard some sort of knowledge with the very steep ancestry that follows this country. It is important to comprehend as well that it is situated to the east, bordering with North Korea and is approximate in location to such Asian countries as China and Japan. I think it important to grasp a small amount of background on this country: I must note that Buddhism was replaced by Confucianism somewhere along the way that pretty much is solely responsible for how etiquette is fashioned in this country. This political and social ideology called for precise etiquette that mandated the use of respect language, universal bow, and personal behavior specifically tailored to rank. This form also thinking also brought upon the foundations of South Korean society like segregating the living quarters denoted by gender, a hierarchy-based etiquette that became firmly embedded in Korea’s culture. (De Mente, 2008) Also notable is the language used in South Korea, which is named after the country, in which more than 65,000,000 people speak this native tongue. A South Korean concept called â€Å"Kibun† which can be closely translated into pride, face, and mood feelings is a primary factor in building interpersonal relationships with people from this country. â€Å"Kibun† is a permanent element in Korean every day life, so one must tread carefully when judging some one else’s Kibun. Harmony is of utmost importance in this culture, so it is vital to be able to grasp some other people’s kibun and not hurt the opposite. When dealing with negotiations between collaborators in the same company, power rankings play a big importance and kibuns can be diminished if subordinates or managers do not take proper precautions. Greeting etiquette must be followed when doing negotiations in this country, which may be considered strict in South Korea. The person of lower status must bow to the other of higher status; with the senior commencing handshake. Quite juxtaposed to German culture, South Koreans have a preference to initiate business with people with whom they have a personal connection, so it is rather fundamental to be introduced by a third party. In order to create an interpersonal relationship, South Koreans commence informal social gatherings that involve beverages and cuisine so that more knowledge can be gained from the separate parties. Due to this importance on relationships, contracts are not taken too seriously and are viewed loosely as documents that define agreement; hence flexibility on the contract is a given. On the subject of punctuality, appointments or meetings are required with prior advance; on which you should arrive on time so that respect is demonstrated. It is expected to meet each other and gather knowledge of each party in the first meeting, as this lays a foundation. A curious factor that is of brief mention in Germany, however are given importance in South Korean culture, are business cards. Business cards are symbolic as to how will treat the person, so when received it is important to treat it with respect: A close examination of the card is expected. In accordance to Geert Hofstede’s 5-D dimensions model, we can see that Korea is a hierarchical society, with a high degree of collectivism. This brings upon the matter that loyalty is a major factor in relationships in this country, and society fosters strong relationships where everyone takes responsibility of the other members of the group. (Hofstede, 2012) South Korea is a feminine culture, where working is the focus to live. However, it is also one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries in the world, and long term oriented. This demonstrates how the culture of South Koreans affects business treaties. Conclusion In conclusion, these two countries demonstrate how difficulties may arise when doing negotiations and business transactions. Cultures vary greatly without caring for distance, so it is imperative to garner some sort of understanding before trying to do business internationally. Germany and South Korea prove to be fascinating subjects for analysis, where negotiations are not necessarily difficult to establish if the proper preparation is acquired. Bibliography Conway, W. (2006). Kiss, bow, or shake hands. (2nd ed. ). Adams Media. De Mente, B. L. (2008). Ettiquete guide to korea: Know the rules that make the difference. Singapore:Tuttle Publishing. De Mente, B. L. (2004). Korean business etiquette: The cultural values and attitudes that make up the korean business personality. Singapore: Tuttle Publishing. Hofstede, G. (2012). The hofstede center. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede. com/south-korea. html Hofstede, G. (2012). The hofstede center. Retrieved from http://geert-hofstede. com/germany. html Schroll-Machl, S. (2008). Doing business with germans. Munchen: Vandenhoeck Ruprecht.

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Compare and Contrast Paper Essay I have chosen to use Story of an Hour, written by Kate Chopin and The Necklace, written by Guy de Maupassant for this compare and contrast paper. My intentions are to show similarities as well as differences between these two pieces and provide comparison of the works to provide a deeper insight into the topic of this paper. The theme I find similar in these two pieces is greed: you should be happy with what you have. In both stories you have women that are not happy in their situations, seeming to always be wanting for more. While the stories are very different, they do have a similar message. Dr.  Emily Chen, PhD states:† that reading a literary text is part of a complex process that includes collaboration between the writer, the text, and the reader. Text is re-created every time someone new reads it, and it becomes, in the process, increasingly richer. Text is a stimulus that elicits responses from us based on our past experiences, our previous reading, our thoughts, and our feelings: the text acts on the reader and the reader interacts with the text†. (Chen, 2009). Each story, read by each person will most likely illicit a different view based on their life experience, mood, age and gender. â€Å"Your environment and personal experiences influence your response to stories. Whether you are aware of it or not, the lens through which you envision a story is filtered by insights you have gained from family traditions, religious beliefs, and critical life issues. Thus, interpretations of a story vary based on the readers age and breadth of experience. Emotions affect conclusions drawn from stories. Interpretations differ from culture to culture. †(Clugston, 2010). Reading each of these stories now, affect me differently than if I had read them ten, fifteen or twenty years ago. The Necklace and Story of an Hour are both short stories set in about the same time period, the late 1800’s, in private residences. The Necklace is a story about a woman, Madame Loisel that is unhappy with her simple life as a clerk’s wife. She is always daydreaming about the finer things in life and the riches that she feels that she is missing out on. â€Å"She suffered intensely, feeling herself born for every delicacy and every luxury. She suffered from the poverty of her dwelling, from the worn walls, the abraded chairs, the ugliness of the stuffs. † (de Maupassant, 1884). Madame Loisel’s husband, in an effort to try and bring her happiness, receives an invitation to a party with the elite townspeople. Still not happy because she did not have an appropriate dress to wear, Madame Loisel’s husband gives her the money he was saving for himself so she could go out and purchase a dress. Even then she is still not happy because she has no jewelry to wear with it. She asks her friend Madame Forrester to borrow her something appropriate and ends up borrowing a â€Å"diamond† necklace from her. Ultimately, the necklace is lost the night of the grand party. Madame Loisel and her husband end up working themselves to death for the next ten years to pay off the debt they incurred in replacing the necklace, which ended up being a fake in the end. Their life as they once knew it was over. Story of an Hour is a short story featuring Louise Mallard, an unhappy housewife with a heart condition. In the story she learns of her husband’s death and within minutes goes from weeping uncontrollably to happy and joyful. â€Å"She said it over and over under her breath: free, free, free! The vacant stare and the look of terror that had followed it went from her eyes. † (Chopin, 1884). Mrs. Mallard felt oppressed in her marriage, that her husband did not love her and found a sense of freedom from his passing. â€Å"She knew that she would weep again when she saw the kind, tender hands folded in death; the face that had never looked save with love upon her, fixed and gray and dead. But she saw beyond that bitter moment a long procession of years to come that would belong to her absolutely. † (Chopin, 1884). Ultimately, Mr. Mallard did not pass in the accident and when he came through the door and she saw him, Louise passed right then. Each story features an unhappy woman as the main character. Madame Loisel in The Necklace is unhappy with her financial situation, always fantasizing about the finer things in life. Louise Mallard in Story of an Hour is an unhappy housewife with a heart condition, feeling oppressed in her marriage. In the end, both women pay a price for their wants: Madame Loisel to be wealthy or seen as wealthy pays by having to sacrifice her life to work twice as hard to repay a debt. Louise Mallard wanting her freedom finally receives it when she hears her husband has been killed in an accident, only to lose it with her death as he actually walks in the door. Foreshadowing is used in both these stories as well. Foreshadowing is described in our textbook as:†A technique a writer uses to hint or suggest what the outcome of an important conflict or situation in a narrative will be† (Clugston, 2010). Foreshadowing gives us some clues as to some of the events that will may possibly unfold in the stories. In The Necklace, the line It was not I, madam, who sold this necklace. I only supplied the case. (de Maupassant, 1884) provides a small hint that the necklace may not in fact have been genuine diamonds. In Story of an Hour, the simple fact that the opening line stated Louise Mallard had a heart condition I feel, provided a clue right away as to the fact she would die in the story. The line â€Å"someone was opening the front door with a latchkey. † (Chopin, 1894), also gives a clue that she could be surprised enough to have her heart fail. â€Å"There was something coming to her and she was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it? She did not know; it was too subtle and elusive to name. But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, and the color that filled the air. † (Chopin, 1894). This line, I feel, shows that Loise may even have felt her impending death. Possibly the reference in the line â€Å"But she felt it, creeping out of the sky, reaching toward her through the sounds, the scents, the color that filled the air. † (Chopin, 1894), could be a reference as to Jesus coming to take her to heaven. Irony takes place in both of these stories as well. Irony is defined in out textbook as: â€Å"A discrepancy or contradiction occurs between what is expected to happen and what actually happens in a situation (situation irony) or in an expressed statement (verbal irony). † (Clugston, 2010). Irony is shown in The Necklace when Madame Loisel runs into Madame Forrester on the street. Her friend did not recognize her because she had aged so much from all the extra work she had to do to pay her debt. They have a conversation about the necklace and how she had lost it and replaced it, I brought you back another just like it. And now for ten years we have been paying for it. You will understand that it was not easy for us, who had nothing. At last, it is done, and I am mighty glad. (de Maupassant, 1884) and Madame Forrester replies Oh, my poor Mathilde. But mine were false. At most they were worth five hundred francs! (de Maupassant, 1884). Madame Loisel had the exact opposite of the life she had fantasized about. Irony is shown in Story of an Hour by the fact that Louise was so elated at the thought of her new found freedom that he started visualizing her future alone and thought â€Å"It was only yesterday she had though with a shudder that life might be long. † Little did she know her life would end up shorter than she could imagine. Both of these stories represent death in the way that Madame Loisel and her husband’s life as they knew it died the night the necklace was lost. Louise Mallard simply died, I feel, from seeing her freedom being taken away by her husband still being alive: her heart simply could not take it. She not only lost the freedom she so longed for when her husband walked through the door, death made it impossible for her to ever have that freedom. These stories hold differences as well. The Necklace is set in Paris and spans years while the Story of an Hour does not give an exact place but is most likely set near where the author lived in St. Louis, Missouri and only denotes one hour of time. In The Necklace, Madame Loisel’s husband is always trying to make her happy, first by bringing her an invitation: But, my dear, I thought you would be pleased. You never go out, and heres a chance, a fine one. I had the hardest work to get it. Everybody is after them; they are greatly sought for and not many are given to the clerks. You will see there all the official world. (de Maupassant, 1884) and giving her money to buy a dress. Even though Madame Loisel is unhappy with her financial situation, it is never implied that she is unhappy with her husband. In Story of an Hour however, it is implied that Louise Mallard is unhappy in her marriage and she did not feel loved by her husband, â€Å"the face that had never looked save with love upon her†. (Chopin, 1894) nor did she love him, â€Å"And yet she had loved him—sometimes. Often she had not. What did it matter! † (Chopin, 1894). I feel that the only time Louise Mallard is truly happy is when she thinks she finally has the freedom to do whatever she wants. Each of these stories has women represented in different ways, most likely because they were written by different gendered authors. Story of an Hour was written from a female point of view and The Necklace was written from a male point of view. The time frame in which these stories were written is a significant factor in the style they were written. The late 1800’s was the beginning of the Women’s Movement. Many women longed for freedom, and men still viewed them as property. Kate Chopin was called a Liberationist during this time. Lewis Leary speaks of her writings in that â€Å"she wrote also of people (mostly women) caged by convention or lured toward freedom which brings at one time happiness, at another disaster or rebuff. † (Leary, 1970). He also discusses her personal views during this era. †Ms. Chopin was in revolt against tradition and authority. She saw sex as something which could or could not be conjoined with love or marriage, and she daringly – how daringly for her time and place! – undertook to give the unsparing truth about woman’s submerged life. † (Leary, 1970). In Story of an Hour, Louise Mallard is a woman who feels oppressed in her marriage and longs for freedom. In The Necklace, written from male point of view, portrays Madame Loisel as a greedy, materialistic woman worried about status and not happy with what she has. â€Å"Since early times, women have been uniquely viewed as a creative source of human life. Historically, however, they have been considered not only intellectually inferior to men but also a major source of temptation and evil. In Greek mythology, for example, it was a woman, Pandora, who opened the forbidden box and brought plagues and unhappiness to mankind. Early Roman law described women as children, forever inferior to men. † (WIC, 1994). Most men during this period felt women were inferior and their place was as a homemaker. They were considered the weaker sex and had few rights and Maupassant was no exception. According to Karen Bernado â€Å"He enjoyed visiting brothels, and his easy familiarity with prostitutes is reflected in stories such as Boule de Suif Ball of Fat, a quasi-endearing nickname for a voluptuous whore. He recognized how people can be brought down by vanity, a situation depicted in his famous story The Necklace. And he was fascinated with humanitys darker side, as we learn from his masterful character study of an effeminate military officer in Mademoiselle Fifi. His lifestyle, however, was to prove de Maupassants undoing; he died insane and far too young from complications brought on by syphilis. †(Bernardo, nd). He viewed women as nothing more than objects. Maupassant was â€Å"a classicist by his nearly exclusive study of the subject of man, concentrating on the rational man. † (Moore, 1918). Some of the qualities credited to him are realism and impersonality. â€Å"Maupassant is a realist so long as, from the point of view of a detached observer. † (Moore, 1918). I feel that a womans’ role in the 1890’s affected the way Maupassant wrote this story. The relationship between content, form and style in these two stories are similar in many ways. Our textbook says: †Stories also reflect culture. The term culture refers to common characteristics of a group or a region. Culture is never static; it is a changing phenomenon, constantly reconfigured by human behavior, language, laws, events, patterns, products, beliefs, and ideals. To put it simply, culture refers to a way of life, an ethos. Writers often reflect a particular culture through the setting of a story or the spirit of the characters lives—providing insight, for example, into Southern culture, post–World War I culture, or global culture. In this way stories preserve culture: they freeze moments in time and create cultural awareness. †(Clugston, 2010). I believe both of these stories reflect the culture of the late 1800’s, from very different viewpoints, male and female, but provide a similar morality lesson. Both are short stories and contain a set up, build up and payoff. Short stories have a plot with conflict–driven, tied–together actions and events, a setting, clear time frame, characters, point of view, a theme and features that include tone, irony, and symbolism. Knowing or not knowing the terms presented in this paper does not help or hinder a personal connection someone may have with a particular piece. I know for myself, the personal message I received from these stories, was a reflection on my life and personal experiences. I see people ungrateful for what they have daily. I was one of those people once, a long time ago. When we long for things we do not have, it keeps us from seeing and appreciating what we do have. You get caught up in things, and become willing to lie, cheat, steal, to do whatever it takes to get what you want. Imagine if Madame Loisel had just been content with being invited to the party and not worried about a dress and jewelry? Or what if she had just told the truth about losing the necklace? She would probably have not had to work the next ten years and been able to enjoy life. Socrates once said â€Å"He who is not contented with what he has, would not be contented with what he would like to have. † The bible contains many parables about it as well and Proverbs 15:27 states â€Å"A greedy man brings trouble to his family, but he who hates bribes will live. † As you can see, there are many similarities and differences between the short stories The Necklace and Story of an Hour. I feel one important message contained in these to be happy with what you have, because greed will get you in the end, and both characters paid a price for their greed. If Madame Loisel had been happy with her life as it was, her husband would have never felt the need to acquire the invitation to the party, which ended up costing them years of their lives as well as money. For the next ten years Madame Loisel had a life less than what she started with, a big contrast to the life she fantasized about. Louise Mallard was unhappy in her marriage. Thinking she finally had her freedom when she thought her husband had been killed, she was overjoyed; only to have her heart give out when she found out her husband was still alive. We all should be careful what we wish for because we might just get it. References Chen PhD, E. (2009). The Reader-Centered Approach to Literature. Retrieved from http:/www. litguide. press. jhu. eduwww2. nkfust. edu. tw/~emchen/CLit/teach_reader- centered. htm Clugston, R. (2010). Journey into Literature. Bridgepoint Education, San Diego. Groden, M. Kreiswirth, M. and Szeman, I. 2005-2012. The John Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. Retrieved from http:// www. litguide. press. jhu. edu Leary, L. Kate Chopin, Liberationist? The Southern Literary Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Fall, 1970), pp. 138-144. Retrieved from JSTOR online Ashford University. Moore, O. The Romanticism of Guy Maupassant. PMLA, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1918), pp. 96-134. WIC, 1994. Womens’ History in America. Retrieved from http://wic. org Retrieved from JSTOR online Ashford University.